Electrical engineering for the design of the power subsystem, which generates, stores and distributes the electrical power to all the on-board equipment,.This subsystem is very similar to terrestrial real-time and embedded software designs, Software engineering for the on-board software which runs all the on-board applications, as well as low-level control software.It may incorporate space qualified radiation-hardened components.This subsystem is mainly based on terrestrial technologies, but unlike most of them, it must: cope with space environment, be highly autonomous and provide higher fault-tolerance. Computer engineering for the design of the on-board computers and computer buses.Communications engineering for the design of the subsystems which communicate with the ground (e.g.Systems engineering for maintaining the design baseline and derivation of subsystem requirements,.Astronautics for mission design and derivation of the design requirements,.Spacecraft design brings together aspects of various disciplines, namely: This cost might be seen as too high a "start-up-cost." Areas of engineering involved On the other hand, another reason for slow space travel application design is the high energy cost, and low efficiency, for achieving orbit. This is for a large part due to the challenging space environment, but also to the lack of basic R&D, and to other cultural factors within the design community. Since then it has progressed, although typically less than comparable terrestrial technologies. Spacecraft design was born as a discipline in the 1950s and 60s with the advent of American and Soviet space exploration programs. ( October 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. This section possibly contains original research.
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